Objective: The aim of the present study was to compare the sub-scale of the body image of the athletes and nonathlete MENOPAUSED FEMALES.Materials and Methods: The subjects of the research comprise 60 individuals who were between 43-53 years old. The Personal information questionnaire and PSDQ space test used in this study.The PSDQ included the sub-scales of power, indurance, coordination, general health, flexib ility, self-esteem, athletic competence, body appearance and, body activity. The Kolmogrov- Smimov and T test used to data analyses.Results: The results showed that the body image of the athletes in all of the sub-scales such as power, endurance, coordination, general health, flexibility, self esteem, athletic competence, fat, body appearance, body activity and whole body was significantly better than individuals who were not athletes.Conclusion: It seems that participation in physical activity programs have a positive effect on menopausal side effects and can Promote the self-steem and Psychological aspecte of body among MENOPAUSED women.

Background: Hot flash is a common problem in climacteric (time course around menopause) and menopausal period. The most effective treatment of it is HRT but there is a serious need for alternative therapies for hot flashes, as hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is associated with increased rates of breast cancer and heart disease. Materials and Methods: This trial used a randomized, two-stage (4 weeks per stage), cross over methodology to study the efficacy of fluoxetin (20 mg/d) for treating hot flashes in menopausal women (who atleast had 14 hot flash attacks per week.) in first period, First group received 4 weeks of therapy with fluoxetine versus second group receiving placebo. During the next stage of treatment, patients were crossed over between two groups. The patients received no drug in the one week period interval between the two periods of study. (wash out). T-test, chi square, mann whitney, pair t-test, wilcocxon and fisher, tests were used for analysing data in spss software. Results: Eighty randomized women began protocol therapy. By the end of the first treatment period, hot flash frequency decreased 55% in the fluoxetin arm versus 28% in the placebo arm. Cross over analyzing demonstrated a significantly greater marked improvement in hot flash severity with fluoxetin than with placebo (p=0/00). Conclusion: Both Fluoxetin and placebo are effective in improving of hot flashs but fluoxetin is significantly more effective. So fluoxetine is a realistic althernative theray for women who do not wish to receive hormones for fear of cancer or other reasons.

Background: Primary dysmenorrhoea without any specific pelvic disease is one of the common complaints in women`s medicine. The general purpose of this research is to define the effects of 12-week aquatic exercises on nonathletic girls’ primary dysmenorrhoea.Materials and Methods: This quasi-experimental was conducted on 40 nonathletic girls aged 18-25 years. Data gathering tools were: Evaluation form of primary dysmenorrhoea and the pain evaluation tool based on the McGill standard pain questionnaire completed before and after the intervention in 3 months (first, second, and third run). Then, 20 subjects were assigned to aquatic exercise group and the other 20 to control group. The subjects in experimental group did aquatic exercise for three sessions a week for 60 minutes for 12 weeks between two menstruations. Kruskal-Wallis and one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests were used to analyze the data.Results: The results of this research indicated that severity and duration of pain decreased after 12 weeks of aquatic exercises. Comparison of the two groups showed a significant difference in pain intensity based on visual analogue scale (VAS) scale after these exercises (first, second, and third runs). Present pain intensity (PPI) scale after these exercises (second and third runs) showed a significant difference. Comparison of the two groups showed a significant difference in length of pain after these exercises (third run).Conclusions: Totally, the findings of the present study showed that 12-week regular aquatic exercises are effective on decrease of the severity of the symptoms of primary dysmenorrhoea.

The effect of number of mating on longevity and fecundity of the predatory mite Euseius scutalis Athias-henriot was studied under laboratory conditions (at 25±1 ºC, 60 ± 5 % RH and 16: 8 L:D). Newly emerged adult FEMALES (less than 24 h) were held individually in a 9 cm arena. A male (less than 24 h) remained with a female for limited periods of time or continuously. Four treatments were designed: virgin FEMALES, single mated FEMALES, multiple mated FEMALES (female had access to a male every five days), multiple mated FEMALES (female had continuous access to a male). Mating was necessary for oviposition. Virgin FEMALES lived the longest (25 days). However, no significant differences were found among longevity of mated FEMALES (12- 15). Similarly, no significant differences were detected among fecundity of FEMALES with different numbers of mating (18- 22 eggs). Sex ratio was significantly female-biased in progeny of single mated FEMALES and multiple mated FEMALES with periodic access to male. However, no significant difference was found in sex ratio of progeny of multiple mated FEMALES with continuous access to male.

Changes in workload are evident during many physical activities. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of order of exercise intensity on metabolic responses in nonathlete female students during exercise of mixed intensity. The FEMALES volunteered to serve as subjects for the study. Each subject completed a maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) test and two submaximal exercises of mixed intensity on three separate laboratory visits. During each submaximal exercise trial, subjects performed a 15-min (high intensity) exercise at 70% (VO2max) that was followed by another 15- min exercise at 50% (VO2max) (H/L), or a 15- min exercise at 50% (VO2max) that was followed by another 15-min exercise at 70% (VO2max) (L/H). Metabolic variables were measured every 5 min throughout exercise and for one hour during recovery period by gas analyzer. Fat oxidation was higher (P < 0.05) both at the entire trial and recovery period in H/L than in L/H. Carbohydrate oxidation was higher (P = 0.035) at the entire trial in L/H than in H/L. There was no difference in energy expenditure between the two trials.      

Background: Women spend more than One - third of their life in postmenstrual period and more than 50% of them have urogenital problems in this period. The most common type of urinary incontinence in women is stress urinary incontinence and middle aged women are the most affected persons.Materials and methods: We treated 93 MENOPAUSED women during 3 months. There were three groups and each group contained 31 patients. First group took Estrogen, the second group used Imipramine and the third group used estrogen in combination with Impramine. This study was a clinical trial and its main aim was verification of Estrogen effects on the treatment of stress urinary incontinence compared with Imipramine in MENOPAUSED women. We obtained information by using a questionnaire. Results: The improvement percent of first group was 22.5% (7 patients) Improvement percent of second group was 54.8% (17 patients) and in last group was 70.9% (22 patients).Conclusion: Imipramine is more effective than Estrogen in treatment of stress urinary incontinence and combination therapy with these two drugs is not more effective than Imipramine alone.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of selected physical training program on the quality of life among NON-ATHLETE MENOPAUSED women.For this purpose, 60 MENOPAUSED women from 6th area of Tehran city (mean-52) were selected randomly. Subjects were categorized into two equal groups, control and training and 3 sessions per week. MENQOL questionnaires were completed twice (before and after) by both groups. The questionnaire measured MENOPAUSED women’s of life in four domains, including physical, psychosocial, vasomotor and sexual. The result of T-test showed that there are significant effects on physical and psychosocial domains, but these differences were not significant in vasomotor and sexual domains. Eventually the subjects' quality of life became better significantly.

In order to determine the relationship between knowledge, attitude and health behaviour among menopausud women, a random sample of 250 MENOPAUSED women was studied. The data was collected by using a questionnaire and analysed by the SPSS programe. The study showed that seventy woman (28%) had good Knowledge, only twenty seven women (11%) had a positive attitude, and forty women (16%) had good healthy behaviours regarding menopause duration. Also the results of this study revealed that there is a positive correlation between knowledge, attitude and healthy behaviour (P<0.001). According to the findings of this study, the menopausal women must be educated about correct health behaviour because by increasing their knowledge, they will develope a positive attitude and have a healthy behaviour in menopausal years.